A BYD e6 police car

Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China consists of an extensive public security system and a variety of enforcement procedures. Along with the courts and procuratorates, the country's judicial and public security agencies include the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) and the Ministry of State Security (MSS), with their descending hierarchy of departments, bureaus (局, "Jú"), subbureaus (副局, "Fù jú"), and stations (所, "Suǒ").

Hong Kong and Macau have separate law enforcement agencies, different legal systems, and are classified as separate jurisdictions under the one country, two systems framework. However, the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) and Public Security Police Force often cooperate with the mainland MPS on cases involving cross border crime.

Overview

The national security system is made up of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) and the Ministry of State Security (MSS), the People's Armed Police (PAP), the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and the state judicial, procuratorial, and penal systems. The Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission vets all law enforcement officers and legal officials for political reliability.[1]

The Ministry of Public Security (MPS) oversees all domestic police activity in China. The ministry is responsible for police operations and detention centers and has dedicated departments for internal political, economic, and communications security. The Ministry of State Security (MSS) was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system."[citation needed] The Ministry of Justice maintains oversees the operation of prisons.[citation needed]

Judicial system

This paragraph is an excerpt from Judicial system of China.[edit]

The judiciary of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is organized under the principle of unified state power of the National People's Congress (NPC) and is represented by its two primary judicial organs, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate. These organs are constitutionally inferior and accountable to the NPC as the supreme state organ of power, and implement its political will.

Key organizations

Ministry of Public Security

This paragraph is an excerpt from Ministry of Public Security (China).[edit]
The Ministry of Public Security (MPS; Chinese: 公安部; pinyin: Gōng'ānbù)[a] is the primary law enforcement agency of the People's Republic of China (PRC). A constituent department of the State Council, the ministry oversees more than 1.9 million of the country's law enforcement officers and as such the vast majority of the People's Police. While the MPS is a nationwide police force, conducting counterintelligence and maintaining the political security of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) are also core functions.

People's Armed Police

A People's Armed Police squad in the Forbidden City, Beijing.
This paragraph is an excerpt from People's Armed Police.[edit]

The People's Armed Police Force[2][b] is a Chinese gendarmerie organization[3]: 121  primarily responsible for internal security, riot control, counter-terrorism, disaster response, law enforcement and maritime rights protection[4] as well as providing support to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) during wartime.[5]: 87 

Chengguan

This paragraph is an excerpt from Chengguan (agency).[edit]

Chengguan (城管; 'Urban management', short for 城市管理执法; ''Urban Management and Law Enforcement'') is an administrative practice of city-level local governments in the People's Republic of China to oversee and manage city appearance and public environments according to the region's bylaws. Chengguan are non-sworn civil agencies and are not entitled police powers.[6][7][8]

Police vehicles

Police cars in the mainland are white with a dark blue swoosh painted on the side such as BYD e6.[9] China does not have a uniform fleet buying program so local departments typically buy from a variety of local dealerships. Volkswagen Santanas and Volkswagen Passats are the most common but other makes and models are present as well.[citation needed]

A roadblock operated by Shenzhen Public Security Bureau on G4 motorway. The police vehicle is a Ford Transit
A Mercedes-Benz Sprinter police patrol van of the Hong Kong Police Force
A Mercedes-Benz Sprinter police patrol van of the Public Security Police Force

Illegal drug trafficking

Main article: Illegal drug trade in China

See also

  • Crime in China
  • Court system of the People's Republic of China
  • Law of the People's Republic of China
  • Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China
    • Public Security Bureau (PSB)
  • People's Armed Police
  • Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China
  • Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China
  • Terrorism in the People's Republic of China
  • Custody and repatriation 1982 -2003
  • Secretariat for Security (Macau)
  • Macau Security Force
    • Public Security Police Force
  • Law enforcement in Hong Kong
    • Security Bureau (Hong Kong)
      • Hong Kong Police Force
  • Judiciary of Hong Kong
  • Department of Justice (Hong Kong)
  • Judiciary of Macau
  • Legal system of Macau
  • Secretary for Justice (Macau)

Notes

  1. ^ Mandarin pronunciation: [kʊ́ŋ.án.pû]; abbr. from Chinese: 公共安全部; pinyin: Gōnggòng Ānquán Bù; lit. 'Public Security Ministry' Mandarin pronunciation: [kʊ́ŋ.kʊ̂ŋ án.tɕʰɥɛ̌n pû]
  2. ^ abbreviation: PAP; Chinese: 中国人民武装警察部队; pinyin: Zhōngguó Rénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá Bùduì

References

Citations

  1. ^ "How China stifles dissent without a KGB or Stasi of its own". The Economist. February 15, 2024. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  2. ^ "Military Services – Ministry of National Defense". eng.mod.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  3. ^ Sun, Ivan Y.; Wu, Yuning (December 2009). "The Role of the People's Armed Police in Chinese Policing". Asian Journal of Criminology. 4 (2): 107–128. doi:10.1007/s11417-008-9059-y. ISSN 1871-0131. S2CID 143891785.
  4. ^ "Top legislature passes armed police law". China Daily. 2009-08-27. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  5. ^ Blasko, Dennis J. (2006). The Chinese Army today: tradition and transformation for the 21st century (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0415770025. OCLC 68694731.
  6. ^ "中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部令（第34号）城市管理执法办法 – 2017年第28号国务院公报 – 中国政府网" [Order of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China (No. 34) Urban Management Law Enforcement Measures – State Council Gazette No. 28, 2017]. State Council of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  7. ^ "住房城乡建设部关于印发城市管理执法行为规范的通知 – 国务院部门文件 – 中国政府网" [Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on Issuing the Code of Conduct for Urban Management and Law Enforcement]. State Council of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  8. ^ Zhang, Lyuhao. "城市管理综合执法的法理与实践（上）" [Legal theory and practice of comprehensive law enforcement in urban management (Part 1)] (PDF). 北京市司法局 Beijing Municipal Justice Bureau (in Chinese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  9. ^ "BYD delivers 500 e6 pure electric police cars to Shenzhen Public Security Bureau". BYD. January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Law enforcement agencies of the People's Republic of China.
  • Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. China: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Government and Politics.
  • Kam C. Wong, Chinese Policing: History and Reform (N.Y.: Peter Lang, 2009)
  • Kam C. Wong, Police Reform in China (Taylor and Francis, 2011)
  • Kam C. Wong, Cyberspace Governance in China (Nova Science Publisher, 2011)