National Football League
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The National Football League, or NFL, stands as the pinnacle of professional American football in the United States. It's a league of 32 teams, neatly divided into two conferences: the American Football Conference, the AFC, and the National Football Conference, the NFC. Across North America, the NFL reigns as one of the premier professional sports leagues, and on a global scale, it represents the highest level of American football you can find.
Each NFL season kicks off with a three-week preseason in August, setting the stage for the main event. Then, an 18-week regular season unfolds, running from early September into January. During this intense period, each team battles through 17 games, with one coveted bye week to rest and regroup.
As the regular season concludes, the drama intensifies. Seven teams from each conference, including the formidable division winners and three tenacious wild card teams, earn their shot at glory in the playoffs. This single-elimination tournament builds to a thrilling crescendo: the Super Bowl, a grand spectacle held in early February, pitting the AFC and NFC champions against each other in a battle for ultimate supremacy.
The NFL's headquarters, the nerve center of this colossal enterprise, is located in the heart of Midtown Manhattan.
The league's roots stretch back to 1920, when it was known as the American Professional Football Association, or APFA. It wasn't until the 1922 season that it officially became the National Football League. Initially, champions were determined by end-of-season standings, but in 1933, a playoff system was introduced, culminating in the NFL Championship Game. This tradition continued until 1966, when a groundbreaking agreement to merge the NFL with its rival, the American Football League, or AFL, was struck.
This merger led to the birth of the Super Bowl in 1967, a championship game designed to crown the undisputed best team from both leagues. Since the merger's completion in 1970, the Super Bowl has remained the ultimate prize, the grand finale of every NFL season.
The NFL's financial clout is undeniable. It stands as the wealthiest professional sports league in the world by revenue, boasting the most valuable teams. Furthermore, the NFL commands the highest average attendance of any professional sports league globally, with a staggering 67,591 fans filling stadiums on average. It's also the most popular sports league in the United States, a testament to its widespread appeal. Even the Super Bowl itself is a global phenomenon, consistently ranking among the most-watched sporting events worldwide, with individual Super Bowl broadcasts frequently dominating the list of most-watched television programs in American history.
When it comes to championship pedigree, the Green Bay Packers hold the record for the most combined NFL championships, with an impressive thirteen titles. They secured nine of those before the Super Bowl era, adding four more Super Bowl victories to their storied legacy. Since the inception of the Super Bowl, the New England Patriots and Pittsburgh Steelers are locked in a tie for the most Super Bowl wins, each boasting six championships. And the reigning league champions, the Philadelphia Eagles, are the current holders of that prestigious title.
== History ==
=== Founding and history ===
The genesis of the NFL can be traced back to a pivotal meeting on August 20, 1920. Representatives from the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles convened at a Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. Their shared vision was to "raise the standard of professional football in every way possible, to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules." This meeting marked the birth of the American Professional Football Conference, later to be known as the APFC.
A subsequent meeting on September 17, 1920, brought together representatives from teams across four states: Ohio, Indiana, New York, and Illinois. This gathering led to the league being renamed the American Professional Football Association, or APFA. The legendary Jim Thorpe was elected as its first president, and the league comprised 14 teams. Of these original franchises, only two, the Decatur Staleys, now the Chicago Bears, and the Chicago Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals, still compete in the NFL today.
While the APFA didn't maintain official standings in its inaugural 1920 season, the Akron Pros were awarded the championship based on their undefeated record. The very first league game took place on September 26, 1920, with the Rock Island Independents triumphing over a non-league opponent. The first full week of league play occurred on October 3, 1920.
The following season saw the Chicago Staleys controversially clinch the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. Then, on June 24, 1922, the APFA officially became the National Football League, the NFL.
In 1932, the season ended in a tie between the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans. At the time, the team with the highest winning percentage was crowned champion. However, a tiebreaker scenario arose, necessitating a playoff game. The game, originally scheduled for outdoors, was moved indoors to Chicago Stadium due to heavy snow and extreme cold. Playing on a smaller field with altered rules, the Bears emerged victorious, securing the championship. This de facto championship game ignited fan interest, leading the NFL to adopt a two-division format in 1933, with a championship game to decide the league's ultimate winner. The 1934 season also marked a somber period, as African Americans were absent from the league for twelve seasons, a ban that was eventually rescinded in 1946 following public pressure and a similar change in Major League Baseball.
Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, the NFL, though the dominant professional football league, faced competition from numerous rival leagues, including several American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Three current NFL teams trace their origins to these rival leagues: the Los Angeles Rams, the Cleveland Browns, and the San Francisco 49ers. By the 1950s, the NFL had established a near-monopoly in the United States. Its only North American competition came from the Canadian professional football circuit, which formally became the Canadian Football League, or CFL, in 1958.
A new contender emerged in 1960 with the formation of the fourth American Football League, the AFL. The upstart AFL rapidly gained popularity, securing lucrative television contracts and engaging in fierce competition with the NFL for players and draft picks. This rivalry culminated in a historic merger announcement on June 8, 1966, to be fully implemented in 1970. In the interim, the leagues agreed to hold a common draft and a championship game. This game, the Super Bowl, was played four times before the merger, with the NFL winning the first two and the AFL claiming the next two. Following the merger, the league reorganized into two conferences: the National Football Conference, or NFC, comprising most of the pre-merger NFL teams, and the American Football Conference, or AFC, which absorbed all the AFL teams along with three pre-merger NFL teams.
Today, the NFL stands as the most popular sports league in North America, a significant portion of its growth attributed to former commissioner Pete Rozelle, who led the league from 1960 to 1989. During his tenure, annual attendance soared, and global viewership for the Super Bowl reached unprecedented levels. The establishment of NFL Properties in 1963 proved to be a masterstroke, generating billions annually through licensing. Rozelle's leadership also saw the creation of NFL Charities and a national partnership with United Way. His successor, Paul Tagliabue, presided over a period of significant growth, marked by substantial increases in television contracts and the addition of four expansion teams, alongside initiatives to promote minority representation in league and team management.
The current commissioner, Roger Goodell, has prioritized player safety, implementing measures to reduce illegal hits and player injuries through fines and suspensions. The league has also faced scrutiny over its handling of concussion claims, particularly regarding race-based adjustments in a significant settlement. In a move to foster greater diversity and inclusion, the NFL launched the NFL Source initiative in 2024, aiming to increase partnerships with minority- and women-owned businesses.
In 2015, a class-action lawsuit was filed against the NFL and DirecTV concerning the exclusive rights to NFL Sunday Ticket. A jury found the NFL had violated antitrust laws in pricing the package, leading to a substantial penalty that could reach billions of dollars. The league stated its intention to appeal the verdict.
=== Season and playoff development ===
From 1920 to 1934, the NFL did not have a fixed number of regular-season games, instead mandating a minimum. A twelve-game regular season was introduced in 1935, later shortened to eleven in 1937 and ten in 1943, largely due to World War II. Post-war, the number of games returned to eleven in 1946 and then to twelve in 1947. The NFL expanded its schedule to 14 games in 1961, a format that lasted until the switch to a 16-game schedule in 1978. In March 2021, the league officially adopted a 17-game schedule, following agreement with the National Football League Players Association, the NFLPA.
This shift to an odd number of games means half the teams will host nine games, while the other half will host eight. To ensure fairness, the extra home game will rotate between the conferences annually, as playoff berths are allocated at the conference level.
The NFL operated with a two-conference system from 1933 to 1966, where conference champions met in the NFL Championship Game. Tiebreakers for conference leads were resolved through a playoff game. In 1967, the league expanded to 16 teams. This expansion led to a realignment of conferences into four divisions. The four division champions then competed in a two-round playoff. The NFL also hosted the Playoff Bowl from 1960 to 1969, a third-place game that was eventually discontinued due to its perception as a consolation prize.
Following the integration of former AFL teams in 1970, the NFL adopted a two-conference structure with three divisions each. The expanded league, now with 26 teams, also featured an eight-team playoff, comprising division winners and one wild card team from each conference. This expanded to ten playoff teams in 1978 with the addition of a second wild card from each conference, and further to twelve in 1990. With the league's expansion to 32 teams in 2002, the division structure was realigned to four divisions per conference, reducing the number of wild card teams to two per conference. The playoffs expanded again in 2020, adding two more wild card spots, bringing the total to 14 playoff teams.
== Teams ==
The NFL is comprised of 32 teams, divided equally into two conferences of 16 teams each. Each conference is further segmented into four divisions, each containing four teams. During the regular season, rosters are capped at 55 players, with only 48 eligible to play on game days. Additionally, each team can maintain a 16-player practice squad.
Each NFL club is granted a franchise, which signifies the league's authorization for the team to operate within its designated home city. This franchise encompasses "Home Territory," a 75-mile radius around the city, or half the distance between cities if they are within 100 miles of each other. It also includes the "Home Marketing Area," which extends to the rest of the state the club is located in, plus the area where the team conducts its training camp. NFL members hold exclusive rights to host professional football games within their Home Territory and exclusive rights for advertising, promotion, and events in their Home Marketing Area. Exceptions exist for teams in close proximity, such as those in the same city or state, where rights are shared.
The Dallas Cowboys, valued at an astounding $12.8 billion, stand as the most valuable sports franchise globally as of 2025, according to Sportico. The average NFL team is worth a remarkable $7.13 billion, with the collective worth of all teams reaching $228 billion.
== Organizational structure ==
At its corporate core, the NFL operates as a trade association, composed of and financed by its 32 member teams. Until 2015, the league maintained an unincorporated nonprofit status under section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code, exempting it from federal income taxation. This exemption applied to "Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues... not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual." In contrast, individual teams, with the exception of the nonprofit Green Bay Packers, are subject to taxation as they generate profits.
In 2015, the NFL relinquished its tax-exempt status amidst public criticism. Commissioner Roger Goodell described it as a "distraction," noting that the league office's tax-exempt status had been repeatedly mischaracterized and that all income generated by the 32 clubs was already taxable at the team level. This change in filing status was stated to have no material impact on the league's business operations. Consequently, the league office might owe approximately $10 million in income taxes but is no longer required to disclose the salaries of its executive officers.
The league has three defined officers: the commissioner, secretary, and treasurer. Each conference also has a president, primarily an honorary position with ceremonial duties, including presenting the conference championship trophy.
The commissioner is elected by a two-thirds majority vote of league members, or 18 votes, whichever is greater. Conference presidents are elected by a three-fourths majority of conference members, or 10 votes, whichever is greater. The commissioner appoints the secretary and treasurer and possesses broad authority in resolving disputes between clubs, players, coaches, and employees. As the "principal executive officer" of the NFL, the commissioner also oversees league hiring, negotiates television contracts, and disciplines individuals and clubs for violations of league by-laws or conduct detrimental to the league. This authority extends to suspending individuals, imposing fines up to $500,000, canceling league contracts, and awarding or stripping teams of draft picks.
In extreme cases, the commissioner can recommend actions to the NFL's executive committee, including the "cancellation or forfeiture" of a club's franchise. Furthermore, the commissioner can issue sanctions, including lifetime bans, for individuals involved in gambling on games or failing to report conspiracies to fix games. The current commissioner is Roger Goodell, who was elected in 2006, succeeding Paul Tagliabue.
=== Finances ===
NFL revenue is generated from three primary sources: NFL Ventures (merchandising), NFL Enterprises (which includes the NFL Network and NFL Sunday Ticket), and the television contract. This revenue is distributed equally among all 32 teams, irrespective of their on-field performance. As of February 2019, each team receives $255 million annually from the league's television contract, a significant increase from $99.9 million in 2010.
The financial statements of most NFL teams are kept confidential. However, a look at the Kansas City Chiefs' tax returns from 2008-2010 revealed a revenue increase from $231 million to $302 million. In 2010, two-thirds of the Chiefs' revenue came from the league: $99.8 million from NFL Ventures and NFL Enterprises, and their share of the television contract at $99.9 million. The remaining one-third was derived from ticket sales, corporate sponsorships, food sales, parking, in-stadium advertising, radio contracts, and miscellaneous sources.
The largest expense for the Chiefs in 2010 was $148 million for player and staff salaries. Of the operating income, a significant portion was distributed to the owners, with the remainder reinvested into the team.
Economist Richard D. Wolff suggests that the NFL's revenue model deviates from typical corporate structures by redistributing profits to all teams, thereby preventing any single team from dominating through excessive earnings. While some view this revenue sharing as a structural weakness, as it may disincentivize poor performance, it ensures a more equitable distribution of financial success across the league.
== Season format ==
The NFL season structure comprises a three-week preseason, an 18-week regular season featuring 17 games per team, and a 14-team single-elimination playoff tournament that culminates in the Super Bowl, the league's championship game.
=== Preseason ===
The NFL preseason traditionally begins with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, held in Canton, Ohio. Each NFL team is mandated to schedule three preseason games. NFC teams must play at least two of these at home in odd-numbered years, and AFC teams in even-numbered years. Teams participating in the Hall of Fame game or American Bowl games will play a fourth preseason contest. These preseason games are exhibition matches and do not contribute to regular-season standings. Their primary purpose is for coaches to evaluate talent and for players to showcase their abilities, rather than for winning. While some fans criticize the quality of preseason games and the cost of admission, and some players and coaches express concerns about injury risk, the preseason is generally considered a necessary part of the NFL schedule.
=== Regular season ===
Currently, the 14 opponents each team faces over the 17-game regular season are determined by a predetermined formula. The league operates an 18-week, 272-game regular season. Since 2021, the season commences the week after Labor Day, the first Monday in September, and concludes the week after New Year's Day. The opening game of the season is typically a Thursday night home game for the defending league champion.
Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game usually scheduled at least once a week, and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks. NFL games are generally not played on Fridays or Saturdays until late in the regular season, as federal law prohibits professional football leagues from competing with college or high school football. These games are typically held on Friday and Saturday evenings, respectively, meaning the NFL cannot schedule games on those days until the Friday before the third Saturday in December. While Saturday games are common late in the season, Friday games are rare, with the most recent one occurring on Christmas Day in 2020. Games on Tuesdays or Wednesdays are exceptionally uncommon, having been scheduled only three times since 1948 due to weather postponements, conflicts with political conventions, or COVID-19 related issues.
NFL regular season matchups are determined by a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play 14 of their 17 games against common opponents or each other: two games (home and away) against the other three teams in the division. One game is played against members of a division from the NFC and a division from the AFC, determined by a rotating cycle. Two additional games are intraconference matchups, based on the previous year's standings; for instance, a division winner plays two other division winners in its conference, while a last-place team plays two other last-place teams. The final game is an inter-conference matchup, determined by a rotating four-year cycle and previous season's standings. In total, each team plays 17 games and has one bye week.
While a team's home and away opponents are known by the end of the previous season, the exact dates and times for NFL games are not finalized until much later. This allows for considerations such as the Major League Baseball postseason and local events that might conflict with NFL scheduling. During the 2010 season, computers generated over 500,000 potential schedules, with approximately 5,000 deemed "playable" and reviewed by the NFL's scheduling team. This rigorous process aims to ensure the optimal schedule possible.
=== Postseason ===
Following the conclusion of the regular season, the NFL Playoffs commence – a 14-team single-elimination tournament. Seven teams advance from each conference: the four division winners and the three remaining teams with the best overall records, with tiebreakers used to resolve identical records. Teams are seeded based on their overall record and tiebreakers, with division champions always ranked higher than wild card teams. The top-seeded team in each conference receives a bye week, while the remaining six teams compete in the Wild Card round. The 2-seed faces the 7-seed, the 3-seed plays the 6-seed, and the 4-seed meets the 5-seed. Winners advance to the Divisional Round, where they face the higher-seeded teams. The victors of the Divisional Round then compete in the Conference Championships, with the higher remaining seed hosting the game. Finally, the AFC and NFC champions clash in the Super Bowl to determine the league champion.
The Pro Bowl, the league's all-star game, is the only other postseason event hosted by the NFL. Since 2009, it has been held the week before the Super Bowl, a change from its previous placement the week after, aimed at boosting ratings. Players from Super Bowl-bound teams are exempt from participating. The Pro Bowl is generally not considered a highly competitive game, as the primary concern for players and teams is to avoid injuries.
== Trophies and awards ==
=== Team trophies ===
The NFL has honored its champions with three distinct trophies throughout its history. The first, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Cup, was donated in 1920 by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Corporation. This traveling trophy, described as a "silver loving cup," was intended to be held by a team until they secured at least three titles. Awarded to the Akron Pros, champions of the inaugural 1920 season, its current whereabouts are unknown.
A second trophy, the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, was presented by the NFL from 1934 to 1967. Named in honor of Ed Thorp, a referee and friend to many early league owners, the trophy was created upon his death in 1934. The league awarded a main trophy to the reigning champion and a smaller replica to each winner for permanent possession. The location of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, once believed lost, is now thought to be within the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.
The current and most iconic NFL trophy is the Vince Lombardi Trophy. Officially renamed in 1970 after Vince Lombardi, who led the Green Bay Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowls as head coach, a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is crafted each year for the champion. These sterling silver trophies, made by Tiffany & Co., are valued between $25,000 and $300,000. Additionally, each player, coach, and personnel member of the winning team receives a Super Bowl ring to commemorate their victory. The winning team selects the ring manufacturer, with the NFL setting specific design parameters, including the mandatory inclusion of the Super Bowl logo. Losing teams also receive rings, though they are significantly less valuable and rarely worn.
Conference champions are also recognized with trophies. NFC champions receive the George Halas Trophy, named after the founder of the Chicago Bears and a co-founder of the NFL. AFC champions are awarded the Lamar Hunt Trophy, named in honor of Lamar Hunt, founder of the Kansas City Chiefs and a key figure in the establishment of the American Football League. Players on the winning conference teams also receive championship rings.
=== Player and coach awards ===
The NFL celebrates its players and coaches annually at the NFL Honors presentation, recognizing a variety of awards. The most prestigious is the AP Most Valuable Player, or MVP, award. Other significant accolades include the AP Offensive Player of the Year, AP Defensive Player of the Year, AP Comeback Player of the Year, and the AP Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year awards. The Walter Payton Man of the Year award is another highly regarded honor, acknowledging a player's contributions both on and off the field. The NFL Coach of the Year award is the highest coaching distinction. Additionally, the league bestows weekly awards such as the FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week and the Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Week.
== Media coverage ==
In the United States, the NFL is broadcast across eight networks through seven media partners: ESPN/ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC, Prime Video, Netflix, and the NFL Network. The league strategically packages its media rights, offering them to prospective partners based on conference, broadcast time slot, or a combination of both. CBS broadcasts afternoon games from the AFC package, while Fox carries the NFC package. Due to multiple games occurring simultaneously, regional broadcasts may not be available on all affiliates, with specific games assigned based on a complex set of rules. Since 2011, the league has implemented "flexible scheduling," allowing it to shift Sunday games between networks under contract. For fans wishing to watch regionally televised games not airing on local affiliates, NFL Sunday Ticket, the league's out-of-market package, is available through YouTube TV starting with the 2023 season. The league also offers NFL RedZone, a channel that provides live cut-ins to the most exciting plays across all games simultaneously.
Beyond regional broadcasts, the NFL also offers nationwide packages, primarily in prime time. NBC airs the Sunday Night Football package, which includes the Thursday NFL Kickoff game and a Thanksgiving Day primetime game. ESPN is the primary broadcaster for Monday Night Football, with ABC airing select games either exclusively or as a simulcast. Amazon, through its Prime Video streaming service, holds exclusive rights to the Thursday Night Football package. The NFL Network, a cable channel owned by the league, broadcasts select games under the NFL Network Exclusive Game Series banner, typically featuring NFL International Series games and select Saturday contests. In 2023, the NFL commanded the top three highest advertising rates for a 30-second spot, reflecting the immense viewership of its marquee games.
In recent years, the NFL has expanded its televised broadcasts to over-the-top streaming services. Since 2022, Amazon has held exclusive rights to Thursday Night Football. Prior to this, Amazon streamed games from this package as part of a tri-cast model that included broadcast television, cable television (NFL Network), and digital streaming. Amazon has also streamed games for free on Twitch since 2018. CBS streams its AFC package games on Paramount+ as a simulcast, while NBC streams Sunday Night Football and select exclusive games on Peacock. ESPN streams its games on ESPN+, mirroring broadcasts on ESPN or ABC. ESPN also holds exclusive rights to stream one Sunday morning international game on ESPN+. Beginning in 2024, Netflix will broadcast at least one Christmas Day game annually as part of a three-year deal.
Television rights for the Super Bowl rotate every four years among CBS, Fox, NBC, and ESPN/ABC. The NFL's most recent media rights negotiation, announced in March 2021, took effect in the 2023 season. This deal renewed existing agreements with network partners and awarded Amazon the Thursday Night Football package. ESPN/ABC is set to rejoin the Super Bowl broadcast rotation in 2027. Digital and streaming distribution has been expanded, allowing CBS, NBC, and ESPN/ABC to stream games on their respective over-the-top platforms. The financial commitment for these packages is substantial, with ESPN/ABC paying $2.7 billion annually, CBS, Fox, and NBC each paying over $2 billion annually, and Amazon paying $1 billion annually. This current deal extends through the 2033 season.
The league also has agreements with Spanish-language broadcasters NBC Universo, Fox Deportes, and ESPN Deportes, which provide Spanish audio feeds for their respective English-language counterparts' games. Preseason games are not covered by these national contracts, allowing individual teams to sell broadcast rights to local stations directly, although a minority of these games are distributed among national television partners.
Until the end of the 2014 season, the NFL had a blackout policy, meaning games could not be broadcast on local television if the home stadium was not sold out. While teams could opt for a 85% sellout requirement and share more ticket revenue with the visiting team, or request specific exemptions, the vast majority of NFL games were not blacked out. In March 2015, the NFL announced the suspension of its blackout policy for at least the 2015 season. Nielsen ratings indicate that since 2012, NFL regular season games have been watched by at least 200 million individuals, representing 80% of U.S. television households. NFL regular season games consistently account for the majority of the most-watched programs in the fall season, with an NFL game ranking as the top-rated television show for every week of the regular season. At the local level, NFL games were the highest-ranked shows in their respective markets 92% of the time. Super Bowls consistently rank among the most-watched programs in U.S. history, with Super Bowl XLVIII, concluding the 2013 season, setting a record with 167 million viewers.
In addition to radio networks operated by individual NFL teams, select games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One. These broadcasts reach over 500 networks, ensuring all NFL markets have access to primetime games. The NFL's agreement with Westwood One was extended through 2017. Other nationally distributed games are handled by Compass Media Networks and Sports USA Radio Network under contracts with individual teams.
Several broadcasting innovations have been introduced or popularized during NFL telecasts. The Skycam camera system, for instance, was first used in a live broadcast of a 1984 preseason NFL game. Commentator John Madden famously utilized a telestrator from the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, significantly boosting its popularity.
The NFL has established licensing agreements with X, Reddit, and Meta Platforms, designating them as authorized social media outlets for the league and its teams. An attempt by the New England Patriots to launch a Bluesky account was met with a cease and desist order from NFL headquarters.
In 2025, the NFL began taking equity stakes in some of its media partners as part of business transactions. In August 2025, the NFL gained an equity stake in CBS parent company Paramount Skydance Corporation. In the same month, the NFL announced its intention to sell the NFL Network, NFL RedZone channel, and its fantasy football services to ESPN Inc. for an undisclosed sum, pending regulatory approval. As part of this agreement, the NFL will acquire a 10% stake in ESPN.
== Draft ==
Each April, with the exception of 2014 when it occurred in May, the NFL holds a draft for college players. The draft consists of seven rounds, with each of the 32 clubs receiving one pick per round. The draft order for non-playoff teams is determined by their regular-season record. Among playoff teams, the order is based on the furthest round of the playoffs they reached, followed by their regular-season record. The Super Bowl champion consistently drafts last, and the Super Bowl loser drafts second-to-last. To be eligible for the draft, players must be at least three years removed from high school. Underclassmen meeting this criterion must submit an application to the NFL by January 15, renouncing their remaining college eligibility. Clubs can trade draft picks for future picks, but cannot trade the rights to players they have already selected.
In addition to the seven picks each club receives, compensatory draft picks are awarded to teams that have lost more compensatory free agents than they have gained. These picks are distributed across rounds 3 to 7, with a total of 32 awarded. Clubs are required to make their selections within a specified timeframe, which varies by round. Failure to do so allows teams picking later in the round to select their players. This occurred in the 2003 draft when the Minnesota Vikings missed their pick, allowing the Jacksonville Jaguars and Carolina Panthers to select before them. Selected players can only negotiate contracts with the team that drafted them; if they choose not to sign, they become eligible for the following year's draft. Under the current collective bargaining agreement, all contracts for drafted players are four-year deals with a club option for a fifth year, with contract values limited based on draft position. Players eligible for the draft but not selected are free to sign with any club.
The NFL operates several other drafts besides the main NFL draft. The league holds a supplemental draft annually, where clubs submit bids for players granted special eligibility. The team with the highest bid wins the rights to the player, forfeiting their pick in the equivalent round of the next NFL draft. The league also holds expansion drafts, the most recent occurring in 2002 with the introduction of the Houston Texans. Other historical drafts include an allocation draft in 1950 and a supplemental draft in 1984.
Similar to other major sports leagues in the United States, the NFL maintains a protocol for a disaster draft. In the event of a 'near disaster' affecting a quarterback, a team could draft one from another team with at least three quarterbacks. In the case of a 'disaster' resulting in the cancellation of a club's season, a restocking draft would be held. Neither of these protocols has ever been implemented.
== Free agency ==
Free agents in the NFL are categorized as restricted or unrestricted. Restricted free agents have accrued three seasons and whose current contract has expired. Unrestricted free agents have four or more accrued seasons and whose contract has expired. An accrued season is defined as playing six or more regular-season games on a club's active/inactive, reserved/injured, or reserve/physically unable to perform lists. Restricted free agents can negotiate with other clubs, but their former club has the right to match any offer. If they do not match, they receive compensation in the form of draft picks. Unrestricted free agents are free to sign with any club without compensation owed to their former team.
Clubs are permitted to use one franchise tag on an unrestricted free agent. This is a one-year deal that pays the player 120% of their previous contract or no less than the average of the five highest-paid players at their position, whichever is greater. There are two types of franchise tags: exclusive, which prevents the player from negotiating with other clubs, and non-exclusive, which allows negotiation but gives the former club the right to match any offer or receive two first-round draft picks if they decline.
Clubs can also utilize a transition tag, similar to the non-exclusive franchise tag but offering no compensation if the former club declines to match the offer. This stipulation makes the transition tag rarely used, especially after the removal of the "poison pill" strategy. Each club is subject to a salary cap, which was set at $188.2 million for the 2019 season.
Members of practice squads, while paid by their clubs, are also considered a type of free agent and can sign with any other club's active roster, provided certain conditions are met, without compensation to their previous club. However, practice squad players cannot be signed to other clubs' practice squads unless released by their original club first.
== See also ==
American football in the United States
List of NFL champions (1920–1969)
List of Super Bowl champions (1966–present)
National Football League (1902)
National Football League All-Decade Teams
National Football League Cheerleading
National Football League controversies
National Football League franchise moves and mergers
National Football League records
National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team
National Football League 100th Anniversary All-Time Team
NFL Europe
NFL Films
Timeline of the National Football League
List of current NFL franchise owners
List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
List of NFL players with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
International Player Pathway (IPP)
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Further reading ==
== External links ==
Official website
Pro Football Reference – historical stats of teams, players and coaches in the NFL
Jared Dubin (April 28, 2015), "NFL ends tax exempt status after 73 years: 3 things to know", CBS Sports
The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league in the United States. Composed of 32 teams, it is divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The NFL is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada and the highest professional level of American football in the world. Each NFL season begins annually with a three-week preseason in August, followed by the 18-week regular season, which runs from early September to early January, with each team playing 17 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, seven teams from each conference, including the four division winners and three wild card teams, advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament, which culminates in the Super Bowl, played in early February between the winners of the AFC and NFC championship games. The NFL is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan.
The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings, a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966. Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the rival American Football League (AFL), the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970. The NFL is the wealthiest professional sports league in the world by revenue, and the sports league with the most valuable teams. The NFL also has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. The Super Bowl is also among the most-watched sporting events in the world, with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and occupying the top five of Nielsen's all-time most-watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015.
The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with thirteen, winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards. Since the creation of the Super Bowl, the New England Patriots and Pittsburgh Steelers are tied for the most Super Bowl victories at six each. The reigning league champions are the Philadelphia Eagles.
== History ==
=== Founding and history ===
On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. This meeting resulted in the formation of the American Professional Football Conference (APFC), a group who, according to the Canton Evening Repository, intended to "raise the standard of professional football in every way possible, to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules".
A second meeting was held on September 17, 1920, with representatives from teams within four states: Akron, Canton, Cleveland, and Dayton from Ohio; the Hammond Pros and Muncie Flyers from Indiana; the Rochester Jeffersons from New York; and the Rock Island Independents, Decatur Staleys, and Racine (Chicago) Cardinals from Illinois. The league was renamed to the American Professional Football Association (APFA). The league elected Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams (the Buffalo All-Americans, Chicago Tigers, Columbus Panhandles and Detroit Heralds joined the league during the year). The Massillon Tigers from Massillon, Ohio was also at the September 17 meeting, but did not field a team in 1920. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears) and the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), remain in the NFL.
Although the league did not maintain official standings for its 1920 inaugural season and teams played schedules that included non-league opponents, the APFA awarded the Akron Pros the championship by virtue of their 8–0–3 record. The first event occurred on September 26, 1920, when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3, 1920, the first full week of league play occurred.
The following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. On June 24, 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League (NFL).
In 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears (6–1–6) and the Portsmouth Spartans (6–1–4) tied for first in the league standings. At the time, teams were ranked on a single table and the team with the highest winning percentage (not including ties, which were not counted towards the standings) at the end of the season was declared the champion; the only tiebreaker was that in the event of a tie if two teams played twice in a season, the result of the second game determined the title (the source of the 1921 controversy). This method had been used since the league's creation in 1920, but no situation had been encountered where two teams were tied for first. The league quickly determined that a playoff game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the league's champion. The teams were originally scheduled to play the playoff game, officially a regular-season game that would count towards the regular season standings, at Wrigley Field in Chicago, but a combination of heavy snow and extreme cold forced the game to be moved indoors to Chicago Stadium, which did not have a regulation-size football field. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the smaller playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0 and thus won the championship. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, to split into two divisions with a championship game to be played between the division champions. The 1934 season also marked the first of twelve seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure and coinciding with the removal of a similar ban in Major League Baseball.
The NFL was always the largest professional football league in the United States; it nevertheless faced numerous rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), on top of various regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these rival leagues; the Los Angeles Rams who came from a 1936 iteration of the American Football League, and the Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers, both from the AAFC. By the 1950s, the NFL had an effective monopoly on professional football in the United States; its only competition in North America was the professional Canadian football circuit, which formally became the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1958. With Canadian football being a different football code than the American game, the CFL established a niche market in Canada and still survives as an independent league.
A new professional league, the fourth American Football League (AFL), began to play in 1960. The upstart AFL began to challenge the established NFL in popularity, gaining lucrative television contracts and engaging in a bidding war with the NFL for free agents and draft picks. The two leagues announced a merger on June 8, 1966, to take full effect in 1970. In the meantime, the leagues would hold a common draft and championship game. The game, the Super Bowl, was held four times before the merger, with the NFL winning Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II, and the AFL winning Super Bowl III and Super Bowl IV. After the league merged, it was reorganized into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC), consisting of most of the pre-merger NFL teams, and the American Football Conference (AFC), consisting of all of the AFL teams as well as three pre-merger NFL teams.
Today, the NFL is the most popular sports league in North America – with much of the league's growth and popularity attributable to former commissioner Pete Rozelle, who led the league from 1960 to 1989. Overall annual attendance increased from 3 million at the beginning of his tenure to 17 million by the end of his tenure, and 400 million global viewers watched 1989's Super Bowl XXIII. The NFL established NFL Properties in 1963. The league's licensing wing, NFL Properties, earns the league billions of dollars annually; Rozelle's tenure also marked the creation of NFL Charities and a national partnership with United Way. Paul Tagliabue was elected as commissioner to succeed Rozelle; his 17-year tenure, which ended in 2006, was marked by large increases in television contracts and the addition of four expansion teams, as well as the introduction of league initiatives to increase the number of minorities in league and team management roles.
The league's current commissioner, Roger Goodell, has focused on reducing the number of illegal hits and making the sport safer, mainly through fining or suspending players who break rules. These actions are among many the NFL is taking to reduce concussions and improve player safety. Prior to 2021, the NFL had utilized race-based adjustments of dementia claims in the $1 billion settlement of concussion claims, which had been criticized by critics before the NFL decided to end what was called "race-norming". On May 21, 2024, the NFL announced the NFL Source initiative, aimed at increasing the number of minority- and women-owned businesses that work with the league throughout the year. NFL Source will be mandatory for teams that host major events, such as the Super Bowl and the NFL draft, and their organizing committees, but will be optional for other contracts at the team level. The NFL will partner with the U.S. Black Chambers, Inc to help local businesses across the country obtain the certifications necessary to do business with the league in furtherance of its efforts to increase partnerships with certified and underrepresented businesses that are 51% owned and operated or led by a veteran, woman, minority, person with disabilities or LGBTQ+.
In 2015, a class-action lawsuit was filed on behalf of NFL Sunday Ticket subscribers, alleging that the NFL, its member teams, its broadcast partners, and DirecTV engaged in a conspiracy to violate antitrust law, by granting DirecTV exclusive rights to sell the Sunday Ticket product, thereby restricting competition and forcing viewers to pay super competitive prices to view out-of-market games. On June 27, 2024, a jury in Los Angeles found that the NFL had violated antitrust law in setting the price of the Sunday ticket package and ordered a penalty totaling more than $4.7 billion. With triple damages allowed under federal antitrust laws, the NFL could ultimately be liable for $14.39 billion. The league said it would ask the judge to set the verdict aside then appeal the verdict if needed.
=== Season and playoff development ===
From 1920 to 1934, the NFL did not have a set number of games for teams to play, instead setting a minimum. The league mandated a twelve-game regular season for each team beginning in 1935, later shortening this to eleven games in 1937 and ten games in 1943, mainly due to World War II. After the war ended, the number of games returned to eleven games in 1946, and later back to twelve in 1947. The NFL went to a 14-game schedule in 1961, which it retained until switching to a 16-game schedule in 1978. In March 2021, the NFL officially adopted a 17-game schedule after gaining the agreement of the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA).
Having an odd number of games in the schedule will give half the teams nine games as the home team, while half the teams have only eight home games. To minimize the perceived benefit on competition of having more home games, the extra home game will be rotated between the two conferences each year. This is because playoff berths are allocated at the conference level, so all teams within the conference will have played the same number of home games.
The NFL operated in a two-conference system from 1933 to 1966, where the champions of each conference would meet in the NFL Championship Game. If two teams tied for the conference lead, they would meet in a one-game playoff to determine the conference champion. In 1967, the NFL expanded from 15 teams to 16 teams. Instead of just evening out the conferences by adding the expansion New Orleans Saints to the seven-member Western Conference, the NFL realigned the conferences and split each into two four-team divisions. The four division champions would meet in the NFL playoffs, a two-round playoff. The NFL also operated the Playoff Bowl (officially the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl) from 1960 to 1969. Effectively, a third-place game, pitting the two conference runners-up against each other, the league considers Playoff Bowls to have been exhibitions rather than playoff games. The league discontinued the Playoff Bowl in 1970 due to its perception as a game for losers.
Following the addition of the former AFL teams into the NFL in 1970, the NFL split into two conferences with three divisions each. The expanded league, now with twenty-six teams, would also feature an expanded eight-team playoff, the participants being the three division champions from each conference as well as one 'wild card' team (the team with the best win percentage that did not win its division) from each conference. In 1978, the league added a second wild card team from each conference, bringing the total number of playoff teams to ten, and a further two wild card teams were added in 1990 to bring the total to twelve. When the NFL expanded to 32 teams in 2002, the league realigned, changing the division structure from three divisions in each conference to four divisions in each conference. As each division champion gets a playoff bid, the number of wild card teams from each conference dropped from three to two. The playoffs expanded again in 2020, adding two more wild card teams to bring the total to 14 playoff teams.
== Teams ==
The NFL consists of 32 teams divided into two conferences of 16 teams each. Each conference is divided into four divisions of four teams each. During the regular season, each team is allowed a maximum of 55 players on its roster; only 48 of these may be active (eligible to play) on game days. Each team can also have a sixteen-player practice squad separate from its main roster.
Each NFL club is granted a franchise, the league's authorization for the team to operate in its home city. This franchise covers "Home Territory" (the 75 miles surrounding the city limits, or, if the team is within 100 miles of another league city, half the distance between the two cities) and "Home Marketing Area" (Home Territory plus the rest of the state the club operates in, as well as the area the team operates its training camp in for the duration of the camp). Each NFL member has the exclusive right to host professional football games inside its Home Territory and the exclusive right to advertise, promote, and host events in its Home Marketing Area. There are a couple of exceptions to this rule, mostly relating to teams with close proximity to each other: teams that operate in the same city (e.g. New York City and Los Angeles) or the same state (e.g. California, Florida, and Texas) share the rights to the city's Home Territory and the state's Home Marketing Area, respectively.
The Dallas Cowboys, valued at $12.8 billion, are the most valuable sport franchise in the world as of 2025 according to Sportico. The average NFL team is worth $7.13 billion and collectively worth $228 billion.
== Organizational structure ==
At the corporate level, the NFL considers itself a trade association made up of and financed by its 32 member teams. Up until 2015, the league was an unincorporated nonprofit 501(c)(6) association. Section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code provides an exemption from federal income taxation for "Business leagues, chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues (whether or not administering a pension fund for football players), not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual." In contrast, each individual team, with the exception of the non-profit Green Bay Packers, is subject to tax because they make a profit.
In 2015, the NFL gave up its tax-exempt status following public criticism; in a letter to the club owners, Commissioner Roger Goodell labeled it a "distraction", saying "the effects of the tax-exempt status of the league office have been mischaracterized repeatedly in recent years… Every dollar of income generated through television rights fees, licensing agreements, sponsorships, ticket sales, and other means is earned by the 32 clubs and is taxable there. This will remain the case even when the league office and Management Council file returns as taxable entities, and the change in filing status will make no material difference to our business." As a result, the league office might owe around US$10 million in income taxes, but it is no longer required to disclose the salaries of its executive officers.
The league has three defined officers: the commissioner, secretary, and treasurer. Each conference has one defined officer, the president, which is essentially an honorary position with few powers and mostly ceremonial duties, including awarding the conference championship trophy.
The commissioner is elected by the affirmative vote of two-thirds or 18, whichever is greater, of the members of the league, while the president of each conference is elected by an affirmative vote of three-fourths or 10, whichever is greater, of the conference members. The commissioner appoints the secretary and treasurer and has broad authority in disputes between clubs, players, coaches, and employees. He is the "principal executive officer" of the NFL and also has authority in hiring league employees, negotiating television contracts, disciplining individuals that own part or all of an NFL team, clubs, or employed individuals of an NFL club if they have violated league by-laws or committed "conduct detrimental to the welfare of the League or professional football". The commissioner can, in the event of misconduct by a party associated with the league, suspend individuals, hand down a fine of up to US$500,000, cancel contracts with the league, and award or strip teams of draft picks.
In extreme cases, the commissioner can offer recommendations to the NFL's executive committee, up to and including the "cancellation or forfeiture" of a club's franchise or any other action, he deems necessary. The commissioner can also issue sanctions up to and including a lifetime ban from the league if an individual connected to the NFL has bet on games or failed to notify the league of conspiracies or plans to bet on or fix games. The current Commissioner of the National Football League is Roger Goodell, who was elected in 2006 after Paul Tagliabue, the previous commissioner, retired.
=== Finances ===
NFL revenue is from three primary sources: NFL Ventures (merchandising), NFL Enterprises (NFL Network and NFL Sunday Ticket, which the league controls), and the television contract. The league distributes such revenue equally among teams, regardless of performance. As of February 2019, each team receives $255 million annually from the league's television contract, up 150% from $99.9 million in 2010.
Most NFL teams' financial statements are secret. The Kansas City Star obtained the Kansas City Chiefs' tax returns for 2008–2010. According to the Star, the team's revenue rose from $231 million in 2008 to $302 million in 2010. In 2010, two thirds of revenue came from the league: $99.8 million from NFL Ventures ($55.3 million) and NFL Enterprises ($44.6 million), and the $99.9 million share of the television contract. The remaining one third was from tickets ($42.4 million), corporate sponsorships ($6.6 million), food sales ($5 million), parking passes ($4.7 million), in-stadium advertising ($3.7 million), radio contract ($2.7 million), and miscellaneous sources.
The largest Chiefs expense in 2010 was $148 million for players, coaches, and other employees. Of the $38 million in operating income, Clark, Lamar Jr., two other children, and widow of former team owner Lamar Hunt divided $17.6 million, and reinvested the remaining $20 million into the team.
According to economist Richard D. Wolff, the NFL's revenue model is in contravention of the typical corporate structure. By redistributing profits to all teams the NFL is ensuring that one team will not dominate the league through excessive earnings. Roger Noll described the revenue sharing as the league's "most important structural weakness", however, as there is no disincentive against a team playing badly and the largest cost item, player salaries, is capped.
== Season format ==
The NFL season format consists of a three-week preseason, an 18-week regular season (each team plays 17 games), and a 14-team single-elimination playoff culminating in the Super Bowl, the league's championship game.
=== Preseason ===
The NFL preseason begins with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio. Each NFL team is required to schedule three preseason games. NFC teams must play at least two of these at home in odd numbered years and AFC teams must play at least two at home in even numbered years. However, the teams involved in the Hall of Fame game, as well as any team that played in an American Bowl game, play four preseason games. Preseason games are exhibition matches and do not count towards regular-season totals. Because the preseason does not count towards standings, teams generally do not focus on winning games; instead, they are used by coaches to evaluate their teams and by players to show their performance, both to their current team and to other teams if they get cut. The quality of preseason games has been criticized by some fans, who dislike having to pay full price for exhibition games, as well as by some players and coaches, who dislike the risk of injury the games have, while others have felt the preseason is a necessary part of the NFL schedule.
=== Regular season ===
Currently, the 14 opponents each team faces over the 17-game regular season schedule are set using a predetermined formula: The league runs an 18-week, 272-game regular season. Since 2021, the season has begun the week after Labor Day (the first Monday in September) and concluded the week after New Year. The opening game of the season is normally a home game on a Thursday for the league's defending champion.
Most NFL games are played on Sundays, with a Monday night game typically held at least once a week and Thursday night games occurring on most weeks as well. NFL games are not normally played on Fridays or Saturdays until late in the regular season, as federal law prohibits professional football leagues from competing with college or high school football. Because high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday, respectively, the NFL cannot hold games on those days until the Friday before the third Saturday in December. While Saturday games late in the season are common, the league rarely holds Friday games, the most recent one being on Christmas Day in 2020. NFL games are rarely scheduled for Tuesday or Wednesday, and those days have only been used three times since 1948: in 2010, when a Sunday game was rescheduled to Tuesday due to a blizzard; in 2012, when the Kickoff game was moved from Thursday to Wednesday to avoid conflict with the Democratic National Convention; and in 2020, when a game was postponed from Sunday to Tuesday due to players testing positive for COVID-19.
NFL regular season match-ups are determined according to a scheduling formula. Within a division, all four teams play 14 out of their 17 games against common opponents or each other– two games (home and away) are played against the other three teams in the division, while one game is held against all the members of a division from the NFC and a division from the AFC as determined by a rotating cycle (three years for the conference the team is in, and four years in the conference they are not in). Two of the other games are intraconference games, determined by the standings of the previous year – for example, if a team finishes first in its division, it will play two other first-place teams in its conference, while a team that finishes last would play two other last-place teams in the conference. The final game is an inter-conference based on a rotating cycle (four years) and determined by previous season's standings. In total, each team plays 17 games and has one bye week, where it does not play a game.
Although a team's home and away opponents are known by the end of the previous year's regular season, the exact dates and times for NFL games are not determined until much later because the league has to account for, among other things, the Major League Baseball postseason and local events that could pose a scheduling conflict with NFL games. During the 2010 season, over 500,000 potential schedules were created by computers, 5,000 of which were considered "playable schedules" and were reviewed by the NFL's scheduling team. After arriving at what they felt was the best schedule out of the group, nearly 50 more potential schedules were developed to try to ensure that the chosen schedule would be the best possible one.
=== Postseason ===
Following the conclusion of the regular season, the NFL Playoffs, a 14-team single-elimination tournament, is then held. Seven teams are selected from each conference: the winners of each of the four divisions as well as three wild card teams (the three remaining teams with the best overall record, with tiebreakers in the event of two or more teams having the same record). These teams are seeded according to overall record and tiebreakers, with the division champions always ranking higher than the wild card teams. The top team (seeded one) from each conference are awarded a bye week, while the remaining six teams (seeded 2–7) from each conference compete in the first round of the playoffs, the Wild Card round, with the 2-seed competing against the 7-seed, the 3-seed competing against the 6-seed and the 4-seed competing against the 5-seed. The winners of the Wild Card round advance to the Divisional Round, which matches the lower seeded team against the 1-seed and the two remaining teams against each other. The winners of those games then compete in the Conference Championships, with the higher remaining seed hosting the lower remaining seed. The AFC and NFC champions then compete in the Super Bowl to determine the league champion.
The only other postseason event hosted by the NFL is the Pro Bowl, the league's all-star game. Since 2009, the Pro Bowl has been held the week before the Super Bowl; in previous years, the game was held the week following the Super Bowl, but in an effort to boost ratings, the game was moved to the week before. Because of this, players from the teams participating in the Super Bowl are exempt from participating in the game. The Pro Bowl is not considered as competitive as a regular-season game because the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the players.
== Trophies and awards ==
=== Team trophies ===
The NFL has used three different trophies to honor its champion over its existence. The first trophy, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Cup, was donated to the NFL (then APFA) in 1920 by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Corporation. The trophy, the appearance of which is only known by its description as a "silver loving cup", was intended to be a traveling trophy and not to become permanent until a team had won at least three titles. The league awarded it to the Akron Pros, champions of the inaugural 1920 season; however, the trophy was discontinued and its current whereabouts are unknown.
A second trophy, the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, was issued by the NFL from 1934 to 1967. The trophy's namesake, Ed Thorp, was a referee in the league and a friend to many early league owners; upon his death in 1934, the league created the trophy to honor him. In addition to the main trophy, which would be in the possession of the current league champion, the league issued a smaller replica trophy to each champion, who would maintain permanent control over it. The current location of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy, long thought to be lost, is believed to be possessed by the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.
The current trophy of the NFL is the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The Super Bowl trophy was officially renamed in 1970 after Vince Lombardi, who as head coach led the Green Bay Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowls. Unlike the previous trophies, a new Vince Lombardi Trophy is issued to each year's champion, who maintains permanent control of it. Lombardi Trophies are made by Tiffany & Co. out of sterling silver and are worth anywhere from US$25,000 to US$300,000. Additionally, each player on the winning team as well as coaches and personnel are awarded Super Bowl rings to commemorate their victory. The winning team chooses the company that makes the rings; each ring design varies, with the NFL mandating certain ring specifications (which have a degree of room for deviation), in addition to requiring the Super Bowl logo be on at least one side of the ring. The losing team are also awarded rings, which must be no more than half as valuable as the winners' rings, but those are almost never worn.
The conference champions receive trophies for their achievement. The champions of the NFC receive the George Halas Trophy, named after Chicago Bears founder George Halas, who is also considered one of the co-founders of the NFL. The AFC champions receive the Lamar Hunt Trophy, named after Lamar Hunt, the founder of the Kansas City Chiefs and the principal founder of the American Football League. Players on the winning team also receive a conference championship ring.
=== Player and coach awards ===
The NFL recognizes a number of awards for its players and coaches at its annual NFL Honors presentation. The most prestigious award is the AP Most Valuable Player (MVP) award. Other major awards include the AP Offensive Player of the Year, AP Defensive Player of the Year, AP Comeback Player of the Year, and the AP Offensive and Defensive Rookie of the Year awards. Another prestigious award is the Walter Payton Man of the Year award, which recognizes a player's off-field work in addition to his on-field performance. The NFL Coach of the Year award is the highest coaching award. The NFL also gives out weekly awards such as the FedEx Air & Ground NFL Players of the Week and the Pepsi MAX NFL Rookie of the Week awards.
== Media coverage ==
In the United States, the NFL is televised on eight networks across seven media partners: ESPN/ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC, Prime Video, Netflix, and NFL Network. The league offers its media rights in packages of games to prospective media partners. The packages can vary depending on conference, broadcast time slot, or both. CBS televises afternoon games from the AFC package, and Fox carries afternoon games from the NFC package. These afternoon games are not carried on all affiliates, as multiple games are being played at once; each network affiliate is assigned one game per time slot, according to a complicated set of rules. Since 2011, the league has reserved the right to give Sunday games that, under the contract, would normally air on one network to the other network (known as "flexible scheduling"). The only way to legally watch a regionally televised game not being carried on the local network affiliates is to purchase NFL Sunday Ticket, the league's out-of-market sports package, which is available through YouTube TV starting with the 2023 season. The league also provides NFL RedZone, an omnibus telecast that cuts to the most relevant plays in each game, live as they happen.
In addition to the regional games, the league also has packages of telecasts, mostly in prime time, that are carried nationwide. NBC broadcasts the primetime Sunday Night Football package, which includes the Thursday NFL Kickoff game that starts the regular season and a primetime Thanksgiving Day game. ESPN is the main broadcaster of the Monday Night Football package with ABC airing select games either exclusively or as a simulcast with ESPN. Amazon, through their Prime Video streaming service, is the exclusive carrier of the Thursday Night Football package. NFL Network, a U.S. pay cable channel owned by the league itself, broadcasts select games under the NFL Network Exclusive Game Series banner. Games under this banner usually consist of NFL International Series games and select Saturday games. In 2023, the NFL occupied the top three rates for a 30-second advertisement: $882,079 for Sunday Night Football, $562,524 for Monday Night Football, and $440,523 for Thursday Night Football.
The league, in recent years, has expanded their televised broadcasts to over-the-top streaming services. Since 2022, Amazon holds the exclusive rights to broadcast the Thursday Night Football package. Prior to then, Amazon streamed games from the same package as part of a tri-cast model that saw games aired on broadcast television (initially through CBS and NBC, then later with Fox), cable television (through NFL Network), and digital streaming (through Prime Video). Amazon has also streamed games for free on Twitch since 2018. CBS streams its AFC package games on Paramount+ as a simulcast with its CBS broadcasts. NBC streams Sunday Night Football and select exclusive games on Peacock. ESPN streams its games on ESPN+ in simulcast with the broadcasts on ESPN or ABC. ESPN also holds exclusive rights to stream one Sunday morning international game on ESPN+. Beginning in 2024, Netflix holds the global streaming rights for at least one Christmas Day game every season as part of a three-year deal.
The Super Bowl television rights are rotated on a four-year basis between CBS, Fox, NBC, and ESPN/ABC. The NFL's most recent contract negotiation for the media rights deal was announced on March 18, 2021, to take effect beginning in the 2023 season. The deal renewed previous rights agreements made by the NFL and each of its network partners to air their respective game packages, while awarding Amazon the Thursday Night Football package. ESPN/ABC is set to return to the Super Bowl broadcast rotation and will broadcast the Super Bowl on U.S. television in 2027, 21 years after airing its last Super Bowl, Super Bowl XL. Digital and streaming distribution was expanded to allow CBS, NBC, and ESPN/ABC to stream games on their respective over-the-top streaming services. For each of the packages the respective network partners currently hold, ESPN/ABC is paying US$2.7 billion a year; CBS, Fox, and NBC are each paying more than US$2 billion a year; and Amazon is paying US$1 billion a year. The current deal runs through the 2033 season.
The league also has deals with Spanish-language broadcasters NBC Universo, Fox Deportes, and ESPN Deportes, which air Spanish language dubs of their respective English-language sister networks' games. The league's contracts do not cover preseason games, which individual teams are free to sell to local stations directly; a minority of preseason games are distributed among the league's national television partners.
Through the 2014 season, the NFL had a blackout policy in which games were 'blacked out' on local television in the home team's area if the home stadium was not sold out. Clubs could elect to set this requirement at only 85%, but they would have to give more ticket revenue to the visiting team; teams could also request a specific exemption from the NFL for the game. The vast majority of NFL games were not blacked out; only 6% of games were blacked out during the 2011 season, and only two games were blacked out in 2013 and none in 2014. The NFL announced in March 2015 that it would suspend its blackout policy for at least the 2015 season. According to Nielsen, the NFL regular season since 2012 was watched by at least 200 million individuals, accounting for 80% of all television households in the United States and 69% of all potential viewers in the United States. NFL regular season games accounted for 31 out of the top 32 most-watched programs in the fall season and an NFL game ranked as the most-watched television show in all 17 weeks of the regular season. At the local level, NFL games were the highest-ranked shows in NFL markets 92% of the time. Super Bowls account for the 22 most-watched programs (based on total audience) in US history, including a record 167 million people that watched Super Bowl XLVIII, the conclusion to the 2013 season.
In addition to radio networks run by each NFL team, select NFL games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One (known as Dial Global for the 2012 season). These games are broadcast on over 500 networks, giving all NFL markets access to each primetime game. The NFL's deal with Westwood One was extended in 2012 and continued through 2017. Other NFL games are nationally distributed by Compass Media Networks and Sports USA Radio Network under contracts with individual teams.
Some broadcasting innovations have either been introduced or popularized during NFL telecasts. Among them, the Skycam camera system was used for the first time in a live telecast, at a 1984 preseason NFL game in San Diego between the Chargers and 49ers, and televised by CBS. Commentator John Madden famously used a telestrator during games between the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, boosting the device's popularity.
The NFL has licensing agreements with X, Reddit and Meta Platforms to serve as authorized social media outlets for the league and its teams. The New England Patriots' attempt to launch a Bluesky account was met with a cease and desist order from the NFL headquarters.
In 2025, the NFL began to take equity stakes in some of its media partners as part of business transactions. In August 2025, the NFL gained an equity stake in CBS parent company Paramount Skydance Corporation following the acquisition of Paramount Global by Skydance Media, by virtue of its existing investments and content partnerships with Skydance. The same month, the NFL announced that it would sell NFL Network, the NFL RedZone channel, and its fantasy football services to ESPN Inc. for an undisclosed amount, pending regulatory approval; as part of the agreement, the NFL will take a 10% stake in ESPN.
== Draft ==
Each April (excluding 2014 when it took place in May), the NFL holds a draft of college players. The draft consists of seven rounds, with each of the 32 clubs getting one pick in each round. The draft order for non-playoff teams is determined by regular-season record; among playoff teams, teams are first ranked by the furthest round of the playoffs they reached, and then are ranked by regular-season record. For example, any team that reached the divisional round will be given a higher pick than any team that reached the conference championships, but will be given a lower pick than any team that did not make the divisional round. The Super Bowl champion always drafts last, and the losing team from the Super Bowl always drafts next-to-last. All potential draftees must be at least three years removed from high school to be eligible for the draft. Underclassmen that have met that criterion to be eligible for the draft must write an application to the NFL by January 15 renouncing their remaining college eligibility. Clubs can trade away picks for future draft picks, but cannot trade the rights to players they have selected in previous drafts.
Aside from the seven picks each club gets, compensatory draft picks are given to teams that have lost more compensatory free agents than they have gained. These are spread out from rounds 3 to 7, and a total of 32 are given. Clubs are required to make their selection within a certain period, the exact time depending on which round the pick is made in. If they fail to do so on time, the clubs behind them can begin to select their players in order, but they do not lose the pick outright. This happened in the 2003 draft, when the Minnesota Vikings failed to make their selection on time. The Jacksonville Jaguars and Carolina Panthers were able to make their picks before the Vikings were able to use theirs. Selected players are only allowed to negotiate contracts with the team that picked them, but if they choose not to sign they become eligible for the next year's draft. Under the current collective bargaining contract, all contracts to drafted players must be four-year deals with a club option for a fifth. Contracts themselves are limited to a certain amount of money, depending on the exact draft pick the player was selected with. Players who were draft eligible but not picked in the draft are free to sign with any club.
The NFL operates several other drafts in addition to the NFL draft. The league holds a supplemental draft annually. Clubs submit emails to the league stating the player they wish to select and the round they will do so, and the team with the highest bid wins the rights to that player. The exact order is determined by a lottery held before the draft, and a successful bid for a player will result in the team forfeiting the rights to its pick in the equivalent round of the next NFL draft. Players are only eligible for the supplemental draft after being granted a petition for special eligibility. The league holds expansion drafts, the most recent happening in 2002 when the Houston Texans began to play as an expansion team. Other drafts held by the league include an allocation draft in 1950 to allocate players from several teams that played in the dissolved All-America Football Conference and a supplemental draft in 1984 to give NFL teams the rights to players who had been eligible for the main draft but had not been drafted because they had signed contracts with the United States Football League or Canadian Football League.
Like the other major sports leagues in the United States, the NFL maintains protocol for a disaster draft. In the event of a 'near disaster' (less than 15 players killed or disabled) that caused the club to lose a quarterback, they could draft one from a team with at least three quarterbacks. In the event of a 'disaster' (15 or more players killed or disabled) that results in a club's season being canceled, a restocking draft would be held. Neither of these protocols has ever had to be implemented.
== Free agency ==
Free agents in the NFL are divided into restricted free agents, who have three accrued seasons and whose current contract has expired, and unrestricted free agents, who have four or more accrued seasons and whose contract has expired. An accrued season is defined as "six or more regular-season games on a club's active/inactive, reserved/injured or reserve/physically unable to perform lists". Restricted free agents are allowed to negotiate with other clubs besides their former club, but the former club has the right to match any offer. If they choose not to, they are compensated with draft picks. Unrestricted free agents are free to sign with any club, and no compensation is owed if they sign with a different club.
Clubs are given one franchise tag to offer to any unrestricted free agent. The franchise tag is a one-year deal that pays the player 120% of his previous contract or no less than the average of the five highest-paid players at his position, whichever is greater. There are two types of franchise tags: exclusive tags, which do not allow the player to negotiate with other clubs, and non-exclusive tags, which allow the player to negotiate with other clubs but gives his former club the right to match any offer and two first-round draft picks if they decline to match it.
Clubs also have the option to use a transition tag, which is similar to the non-exclusive franchise tag but offers no compensation if the former club refuses to match the offer. Due to that stipulation, the transition tag is rarely used, even with the removal of the "poison pill" strategy (offering a contract with stipulations that the former club would be unable to match) that essentially ended the usage of the tag league-wide. Each club is subject to a salary cap, which is set at US$188.2 million for the 2019 season, US$11 million more than that of 2018.
Members of clubs' practice squads, despite being paid by and working for their respective clubs, are also simultaneously a kind of free agent and are able to sign to any other club's active roster (provided their new club is not their previous club's next opponent within a set number of days) without compensation to their previous club; practice squad players cannot be signed to other clubs' practice squads, however, unless released by their original club first.
== See also ==
American football in the United States
List of NFL champions (1920–1969)
List of Super Bowl champions (1966–present)
National Football League (1902)
National Football League All-Decade Teams
National Football League Cheerleading
National Football League controversies
National Football League franchise moves and mergers
National Football League records
National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team
National Football League 100th Anniversary All-Time Team
NFL Europe
NFL Films
Timeline of the National Football League
List of current NFL franchise owners
List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
List of NFL players with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
International Player Pathway (IPP)
== Notes ==
== References ==
== Further reading ==
== External links ==
Official website
Pro Football Reference – historical stats of teams, players and coaches in the NFL
Jared Dubin (April 28, 2015), "NFL ends tax exempt status after 73 years: 3 things to know", CBS Sports
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