Michael John Parenti (September 30, 1933 – January 24, 2026) was an American political scientist, academic historian and cultural critic who wrote on scholarly and popular subjects. He taught at universities and also ran for political office. Parenti was well known for his Marxist writings and lectures, and was an intellectual of the American Left. == Education and early life == Michael Parenti was born on September 30, 1933, to an Italian-American working-class family in the East Harlem neighborhood of New York City. After graduating from high school, Parenti worked for several years. Upon returning to school, he received a BA from the City College of New York. He was awarded a teaching fellowship at Brown University where he earned an MA in history in 1957. He completed his Ph.D. in political science at Yale University. == Career == Following completion of his doctorate, Parenti taught political and social science at various institutions of higher learning, including the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UI). In May 1970 while he was an associate professor at UI, he participated in a rally protesting the recent Kent State shootings and ongoing Vietnam War. At the rally he was severely clubbed by state troopers and then held in a jail cell for two days. He was charged with aggravated battery (of a state trooper), disorderly conduct, and resisting arrest. After being released on bond, he started a new teaching job at the University of Vermont (UVM) in September. The next month he returned to Illinois to stand trial before a judge. According to Parenti, despite multiple witnesses offering exonerating testimony, the judge found him guilty on all three counts: In June 1971 I returned to Illinois for sentencing. Because I was already employed outside the state and because a host of academic lights from around the country had sent in appeals on my behalf, I was saved from having to do time. Instead, I was given two years probation, a fine, and ordered to pay court costs. This incident effectively ended Parenti's career as a professor. In December 1971, after his UVM department voted unanimously to renew his teaching contract, the UVM board of trustees and conservative state legislators intervened and voted to let his contract expire, citing Parenti's "unprofessional conduct." The battle over his continued presence on the UVM faculty lasted into early 1972, but ultimately he lost his position there. In subsequent years, he was unable to obtain another non-temporary teaching job. He learned from sympathetic associates at the colleges he applied to that he was being rejected for his leftist views and political activism. He chronicles this period of his life in the essay, "Struggles in Academe: A Personal Account", published in Dirty Truths. He discusses the broader question of political orthodoxy in U.S. higher education in "The Empire in Academia" chapter of his 1995 book, Against Empire. Because he couldn't earn a steady livelihood as a professor, Parenti began to devote himself full-time to writing, public speaking, and politics. In 1974, he ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in Vermont as the candidate of the democratic socialist Liberty Union Party; he finished in third place with 7.1% of the vote. During his years in Vermont, Parenti became good friends with Bernie Sanders. However, the two men later split over Sanders' support for the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. In the 1980s, Parenti was a visiting fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C. In 2003, the Caucus for a New Political Science gave him a Career Achievement Award. In 2007, he received a Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition from U.S. Representative Barbara Lee. He served for 12 years as a judge for Project Censored. He also was on the advisory boards of Independent Progressive Politics Network and Education Without Borders as well as the advisory editorial boards of New Political Science and Nature, Society and Thought. In his book To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia (2001), Parenti joined with other leftists in decrying what they considered the demonization by Western leaders of Slobodan Milošević and his Serbian Socialist Party. Parenti wrote that contrary to Western media assertions about an official policy of ethnic cleansing, Serbia had long been the most ethnically diverse region in Yugoslavia (with 200,000 Muslims living in Belgrade), and that NATO engaged in "hypocritical humanitarianism" as a pretext for military intervention and the dismantling of Serbia's public sector economy. In 2003, Parenti became Chairman of the U.S. National Section of the International Committee to Defend Slobodan Milošević (ICDSM). The committee was formed to urge an end to the war crimes trial of Milošević that commenced in 2002 at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. == Personal life and death == In the last decades of his life, he made his home in Berkeley, California. He was the father of Christian Parenti, an academic, author and journalist. Parenti died at his home in Berkeley on January 24, 2026, at the age of 92. == Works == === Accusations of Bosnian genocide denial === Historian Marko Attila Hoare wrote that To Kill a Nation was "simply an outright apologia for Milošević and his regime. Period...", stating that Milošević himself had written the book's foreword. Hoare described the book as "simply worthless", stating that Parenti had mistakenly called the pre-1991 Yugoslavia the FRY (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), despite it actually being named the SFRY (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), and criticized Parenti's sources as citing "the same or other similar authors in support of the same set of allegations, creating a closed circle of mutually supporting references that substitute for any genuine documentation or historical enquiry." According to David Walls, writing in New Politics, in Project Censored's 2000 volume, Parenti denied reports of genocide and mass rapes committed in Bosnia, writing: "Hyperbolic labeling takes the place of evidence: "genocide," "mass atrocities," "systematic rapes," and even "rape camps" - camps which no one has ever located." The Congress of North American Bosniaks (CNAB) and the Balkan Witness website have characterized Parenti's views as Bosnian genocide denial. In 2012, after the San Jose Peace and Justice Center invited Parenti as a guest speaker, the CNAB published an open letter criticizing the Center's decision and stating that Parenti denied genocide and ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as "publicly disregard[ing] that approximately 50,000 Bosniak women were raped" during the war. According to Balkan Witness, Parenti minimized the number of Muslims murdered in the Srebrenica massacre and, after Bosnian supporters in 24 countries wrote over 500 letters to the peace group, Parenti's speech was cancelled. In 2013, the Institute for the Research of Genocide, Canada criticized Lone Star College's decision to have Parenti appear at a speaking engagement, characterizing his views as genocide denial. === Summaries of published work === The first notable book in Parenti's writing career was Democracy for the Few. Originally published in 1974, it has since gone through nine editions and been used as a textbook in college political science courses. Democracy for the Few contains a critical analysis of the workings of American government with particular focus on the relationship between economic power and political power. Parenti's Inventing Reality: The Politics of the Mass Media (1986) was reviewed by multiple scholarly journals and by Michael Pollan in The New York Times. Pollan wrote: "By documenting patterns of conservative bias in a dozen major news stories in the printed and broadcast press, Inventing Reality provides a valuable rebuttal to the drumbeat of criticism of the news media from the right. Unfortunately, Mr. Parenti is so simplistic and doctrinaire in accounting for this bias that he makes his book easy to dismiss." The reviewer went on to note how the author "paints the press in such broad, Marxist strokes that he ignores many details. He cannot, for example, adequately account for episodes of courage and independence, as during Vietnam and Watergate." In a response to the review published as a Letter to the Editor, Parenti challenged Pollan's negative assessment. Parenti continued his exploration of mass media in Make-Believe Media: The Politics of Entertainment (1992). The book dissects numerous popular movies and TV programs which, in Parenti's view, "have propagated images and themes that support militarism, imperialism, racism, sexism, authoritarianism, and other undemocratic values." He describes what he believes is a pattern of unflattering portrayals of working-class people and trade unions, and he disputes the notion that the major studios are "giving audiences what they want." In his foreword to Matthew Alford's 2010 book Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy, Parenti reiterated several of the points from Make-Believe Media. Other leftist writers have been influenced by his media critiques. Along with his interest in mass media's role in society, Parenti regularly published articles and books on cultural matters, e.g., "Reflections on the Politics of Culture", in which he echoes Antonio Gramsci that culture "is largely reflective of existing hegemonic arrangements within the social order, strongly favoring some interests over others." He further develops this idea in his books Land of Idols, Superpatriotism, The Culture Struggle, and God and His Demons. In a Los Angeles Times review, political commentator Kevin Phillips dismissed Parenti's The Sword and the Dollar: Imperialism, Revolution and the Arms Race (1989) as a Marxist polemic, "albeit flavored with scholarship and sprinkled with footnotes". Phillips faulted Parenti for a biased comparison of U.S. and Soviet imperialisms, and for citing sources that too often included "New York's Monthly Review Press, International Publishers, Progress Publishers of Moscow and the like. One has visions of gray East Bloc bookstores and Upper West Side of Manhattan coffeehouses." Dirty Truths: Reflections on Politics, Media, Ideology, Conspiracy, Ethnic Life and Class Power (1996) contains Parenti's most wide-ranging collection of writings. Among its essays are "Fascism in a Pinstriped Suit" on the possibility of American fascism arriving subtly and gradually rather than intruding in a nightmarish "Big Brother" fashion; "Now for the Weather" on how even TV weather reports can be politicized; and "False Consciousness" on why the lower classes sometimes adopt the opinions and attitudes of the upper classes. In two essays on the JFK assassination, he breaks ranks with fellow leftists such as Noam Chomsky by giving credence to skeptics of the official government narrative. He also explores what he calls "Conspiracy Phobia on the Left". Dirty Truths concludes with autobiographical sketches and poems. Parenti's provocative 1997 book Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism begins by examining the ideological underpinnings of European fascism in the 1920s and '30s as well as its incarnations as neofascism. He then takes the controversial position of defending the Soviet Union and other communist countries from reflexive condemnation, arguing that they featured a number of advantages over capitalist countries, e.g., by ensuring less economic inequality. He summarizes his approach in the Preface to Blackshirts and Reds: This book invites those immersed in the prevailing orthodoxy of “democratic capitalism” to entertain iconoclastic views, to question the shibboleths of free-market mythology and the persistence of both right and left anti-communism, and to consider anew, with a receptive but not uncritical mind, the historic efforts of the much maligned Reds and other revolutionaries. He later argues that the Soviet Union's "well-publicized deficiencies and injustices" were exacerbated by the Russian Civil War, the Nazi-led multinational invasion, and by non-military modes of capitalist intervention against the Eastern Bloc. Moreover, he claims that "pure socialists" and "left anticommunists" had failed to specify a viable alternative to the "siege socialism" implemented in the Soviet model. By offering a rare defense of 20th century socialism, Blackshirts and Reds has elicited strong reactions from anarchist and leftist publications. == Appearances in media == Apart from video recordings of his public speaking engagements, Parenti also appeared in the 1992 documentary The Panama Deception, and in the 2004 Liberty Bound and 2013 Fall and Winter documentaries as an author and social commentator. In July 2003, he was invited on the C-SPAN Booknotes program to discuss his latest work, The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome. He appeared in an episode of the Showtime series Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, speaking briefly about the Dalai Lama (Episode 305 – Holier Than Thou). Because of his research for the book To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia (2001) and his travel in the war-torn region shortly after the NATO bombing⁠, Parenti was interviewed in Boris Malagurski's documentary film The Weight of Chains (2010) and its sequel The Weight of Chains 2 (2014) about the former Yugoslavia. New York City-based punk rock band Choking Victim uses a number of samples from Parenti's lectures in its album No Gods, No Managers. Chilean hip-hop artist Ana Tijoux features a section of one of Parenti's lectures in her song "Caluga o menta". == Bibliography == The Anti-Communist Impulse (1969) LCCN 72-85615 Trends and Tragedies in American Foreign Policy (1971) LCCN 74-161844 Democracy for the Few (1st edition 1974, 9th edition 2010) ISBN 978-0495911265 Ethnic and Political Attitudes: A Depth Study of Italian Americans (1975) ISBN 978-0405064135 Power and the Powerless (1978) ISBN 978-0312633738 Inventing Reality: The Politics of the Mass Media (1st edition, 1986) ISBN 978-0312434731 The Sword and the Dollar: Imperialism, Revolution, and the Arms Race (1989) ISBN 978-0312011673 Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media (2nd edition, 1992) ISBN 978-0312020132 Make-Believe Media: The Politics of Entertainment (1992) ISBN 978-0312058944 Land of Idols: Political Mythology in America (1993) ISBN 978-0312098414 Against Empire (1995) ISBN 978-0872862982 Dirty Truths (1996) ISBN 978-0872863170 Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism (1997) ISBN 978-0872863293 America Besieged (1998) ISBN 978-0872863385 History as Mystery (1999) ISBN 978-0872863576 To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia (2001) ISBN 1859847765 The Terrorism Trap: September 11 and Beyond (2002) ISBN 978-0872864054 The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome (2003) ISBN 978-1565849426 Superpatriotism (2004) ISBN 978-0872864337 The Culture Struggle (2006) ISBN 978-1471610721 Contrary Notions: The Michael Parenti Reader (2007) ISBN 978-0872864825 God and His Demons (2010) ISBN 978-1616141776 The Face of Imperialism (2011) ISBN 978-1594519178 Waiting for Yesterday: Pages from a Street Kid's Life (2013) ISBN 978-1599540580 Profit Pathology and Other Indecencies (2015) ISBN 978-1612056616 Quotations From Michael Parenti (2024) == See also == 2000 Yugoslavian general election Anti anti-communism Communist state False consciousness == References == == External links == Michael Parenti Political Archive maintained by Michael Parenti as viewed on August 26, 2021, Internet Archive. "Michael Parenti, The Darker Myths of Empire: Heart of Darkness Series". College of DuPage. May 11, 2012. Michael Parenti at IMDb