This article is about the year 731. For other uses, see 731 (disambiguation).
731 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 731
DCCXXXI
Ab urbe condita 1484
Armenian calendar 180
ԹՎ ՃՁ
Assyrian calendar 5481
Balinese saka calendar 652–653
Bengali calendar 137–138
Berber calendar 1681
Buddhist calendar 1275
Burmese calendar 93
Byzantine calendar 6239–6240
Chinese calendar 庚午年 (Metal Horse)
3428 or 3221
    — to —
辛未年 (Metal Goat)
3429 or 3222
Coptic calendar 447–448
Discordian calendar 1897
Ethiopian calendar 723–724
Hebrew calendar 4491–4492
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 787–788
 - Shaka Samvat 652–653
 - Kali Yuga 3831–3832
Holocene calendar 10731
Iranian calendar 109–110
Islamic calendar 112–113
Japanese calendar Tenpyō 3
(天平３年)
Javanese calendar 624–625
Julian calendar 731
DCCXXXI
Korean calendar 3064
Minguo calendar 1181 before ROC
民前1181年
Nanakshahi calendar −737
Seleucid era 1042/1043 AG
Thai solar calendar 1273–1274
Tibetan calendar ལྕགས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་
(male Iron-Horse)
857 or 476 or −296
    — to —
ལྕགས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Iron-Sheep)
858 or 477 or −295
Pope Gregory III (731–741)

Year 731 (DCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 731 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

By place

Europe

  • Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Munuza, Moorish governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), rebels against Umayyad authority. He is defeated and executed by Muslim forces under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi at Urgell (Catalonia). Muslim garrisons in Septimania raid the cities Millau and Arles.[1]
  • Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, meets Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, to accept his rule and independence from the Frankish Kingdom. Fearing an alliance against him, Charles Martel exiles Ragenfrid's supporter Wandon of Fontenelle, and imprisons bishop Aimar of Auxerre.[2]
  • Charles Martel leads two raids across the Loire River into the Berry region. The Franks seize and plunder Bourges (central France), but the city is immediately recaptured by Eudes of Aquitaine.

Britain

  • Autumn – King Ceolwulf of Northumbria is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter a monastery. His supporters subsequently restore him to the throne (or 732).
  • King Æthelbald of Mercia overruns a large portion of Somerset, and wrests the county from Wessex control (approximate date).

Asia

  • Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh.[3] The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass.[4][5] The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades.

By topic

Literature

  • Bede, Anglo-Saxon monk and historian, completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum at the monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth.

Religion

  • February 11 – Pope Gregory II dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought Iconoclasm. He is succeeded by the Syrian-born cleric Gregory III, as the 90th pope of the Catholic Church.[6]
  • Sack of Luxeuil, traditionally
  • November 1 – Synod of Rome: Gregory III summons a council at the shrine of Saint Peter. All western bishops participate, including the Roman nobility. Gregory condemns Iconoclasm as a heresy.[7]


Births

  • Abd al-Rahman I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 788)
  • Ōtomo no Otomaro, Japanese general and Shōgun (d. 809)
  • Telets, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire (approximate date)

Deaths

  • February 9 – Zhang Yue, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 667)
  • February 11 – Gregory II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 669)
  • August 31 – Ōtomo no Tabito, Japanese poet (b. 665)
  • December 22 – Yuan Qianyao, official of the Chinese Tang dynasty
  • date unknown
    • Barjik, prince of the Khazar Khaganate
    • Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury
    • Munuza, Moorish governor of Cerdagne
    • Ragenfrid, mayor of the palace of Neustria
    • Yuwen Rong, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (or 730)

References

  1. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 41). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  2. ^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
  3. ^ Blankinship (1994), pp. 156, 157
  4. ^ Kennedy (2001), p. 29
  5. ^ Kennedy (2007), p. 285
  6. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope St. Gregory III" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  7. ^ Treadgold, p. 354